The effect of physical fitness, breakfast habits, and self-confidence on learning outcomes

Khasinatul Adila; Kamal Firdaus; Sepriadi Sepriadi; Liza Liza

doi:10.32698/02332

The effect of physical fitness, breakfast habits, and self-confidence on learning outcomes

Khasinatul Adila⁽¹⁾, Kamal Firdaus⁽²⁾, Sepriadi Sepriadi⁽³⁾, Liza Liza⁽⁴⁾,
(1) Universitas Negeri Padang

Indonesia
(2) Universitas Negeri Padang

Indonesia
(3) Universitas Negeri Padang

Indonesia
(4) Universitas Negeri Padang

Indonesia

Corresponding Author

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32698/02332

Full Text:

Language : en

Abstract

This study aims to examine the direct, indirect, and simultaneous effects of physical fitness, breakfast habits, and self-confidence on physical education learning outcomes. A quantitative associative design with a path analysis approach was used. The population consisted of 146 students, with a purposive sample of 50 students. Data were collected through physical fitness tests, questionnaires on breakfast habits and self-confidence, and students’ report card scores. Data were analyzed using path analysis at a significance level of 0.05. The findings show that physical fitness has a significant direct effect on learning outcomes (0.435; 18.92%) and a strong indirect effect through self-confidence (total effect 78.49%). Self-confidence also has a significant direct effect (0.564), while breakfast habits show a weaker and non-significant direct effect but a small indirect contribution (3.49%). Simultaneously, all variables significantly influence learning outcomes (R² = 0.886). Physical fitness and self-confidence are key determinants of learning outcomes, with self-confidence acting as an important mediating variable.

Keywords

Physical Fitness; Breakfast Habits; Self-Confidence; Physical Education; Learning Outcomes

References

Alhroub, N., Al-Sarairhe, I., Awamleh, R. A., Ayasreh, I., Alkhawaldeh, A., ALBashtawy, M., . . . ALBashtawy, Z. (2024). Physical activity barriers among adolescents in jordan: A Cross-Sectional study. SAGE Open Nursing, 10, 23779608241272688.

AlKasasbeh, W., & Akroush, S. (2024). Investigating the interrelationships among food habits, sports nutrition knowledge, and perceived barriers to healthy eating: a study of adolescent swimmers. Frontiers in Nutrition, 11, 1381801.

ASTUTI, Y., & Erianti, D. (2022). EFFECT PHYSICAL FITNESS AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS ON STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES SCHOOL INTERMEDIATE FIRST. Quantum Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology, 3(3), 14-19.

Benny, A. M., & Verma, M. K. (2022). The significant difference in self-concept and self-confidence among obese and non-obese young adults. International Journal of Health Sciences(I), 9009-9017.

Bethel, C. (2024). The Impact of Body Image on Self-Confidence in Elite Dancers.

Cheong, Z. Y., Lopez, V., & Tam, W. S. W. (2022). Barriers to healthy eating among nurses working in hospitals: A meta‐synthesis. Journal of advanced nursing, 78(2), 314-331.

Christiana, A. E., Abiddin, A. H., & Martiningsih, W. (2024). The relationship between breakfast habits and learning concentration of elementary school students. Health Access Journal, 1(3), 91-98.

Faruga-Lewicka, W., Staśkiewicz-Bartecka, W., Janiszewska, P., Grot, M., & Kardas, M. (2024). Eating Habits Related to Pregnancy, Body Perception, Attractiveness and Self-Confidence. Paper presented at the Healthcare.

Gimenez, L. B., Teixeira do Amaral, V., Locato, G., Marçal, I. R., Ferron, A. J., & Ciolac, E. G. (2024). Gamification as a tool for promoting physical exercise and healthy eating habits in healthcare worker women: effects on cardiometabolic health and physical fitness at workplace. American Journal of Health Promotion, 38(6), 820-824.

Hladik, L., St. John, B. M., Korbel, A., Nelson, N., Umana, M., Kant, S., & Ausderau, K. K. (2025). “Giving me the self-confidence to tackle it”: Mothers’ experiences participating in the Engaged Eaters Program, a caregiver-mediated feeding intervention. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 55(3), 1045-1056.

Huang, H.-P., Tien, Y., Lin, Y.-C., Yu, I.-C., & Chien, N.-H. (2025). Effects of empathy mapping and mini-simulation on second-year nursing students’ empathy and communication self-confidence: a quasi-experimental study. BMC Medical Education, 25(1), 109.

Iqbal, M., & Syukriadi, A. (2024). Analysis of factors supporting the improvement of physical education learning outcomes in students at sd negeri 1 babahrot, Indonesia. Traektoriâ Nauki= Path of Science, 10(3), 2023-2030.

Jacob, J. S., & Panwar, N. (2023). Effect of age and gender on dietary patterns, mindful eating, body image and confidence. BMC psychology, 11(1), 264.

Latino, F., Tafuri, F., Saraiello, E., & Tafuri, D. (2023). Classroom-based physical activity as a means to improve self-efficacy and academic achievement among Normal-weight and overweight youth. Nutrients, 15(9), 2061.

Liu, T., & Taresh, S. (2024). The impact of sports participation on college students' learning outcomes: A mixed methods study based on multiple campuses. Journal of Ecohumanism, 3(7), 3649-3666.

Luo, X., Liu, L., & Li, J. (2022). The effects of ARCS motivational instruction in physical education on learning cognition and the health-related physical fitness of students. Frontiers in psychology, 13, 786178.

Makaracı, Y., Yücetaş, Z., Devrilmez, E., Soslu, R., Devrilmez, M., Akpınar, S., & Popovic, S. (2023). Physical activity and nutrition education programs changes body mass index and eating habits of 12th grade students: an intervention during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Mukra, R., Silalahi, D. R. S. U., Sembiring, S. S. A. B., Ritonga, V. A., Putri, D. F., & Putri, A. D. (2024). The healthy diet effect with project based learning animation on student concentration and learning outcomes. JPBIO (Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi), 9(2), 322-331.

Noerper, T., Lowery, A., Wright, G., & Burka, A. (2025). Increasing nutrition knowledge and culinary skills in interprofessional healthcare students: an active learning pilot study. BMC Medical Education, 25(1), 777.

Papadopoulos, N., Mantilla, A., Bussey, K., Emonson, C., Olive, L., McGillivray, J., . . . Rinehart, N. (2022). Understanding the benefits of brief classroom‐based physical activity interventions on primary school‐aged children's enjoyment and subjective wellbeing: A systematic review. Journal of School Health, 92(9), 916-932.

Sepriani, R., Ockta, Y., Eldawaty, E., & Padli, P. (2024). How do physical fitness, nutritional status, and self-concept affect student learning outcomes in physical education with a focus on health and hygiene education? Jurnal Konseling Dan Pendidikan, 12(3), 1-11.

Silva, B., Cruz, G., Bentes, R., & Lima, R. F. (2022). Surfing on physical education curriculum and the impact on student’s well-being. Journal of Physical Education, 33, e3317.

Trajković, N., Mitić, P. M., Barić, R., & Bogataj, Š. (2023). Effects of physical activity on psychological well-being. In (Vol. 14, pp. 1121976): Frontiers Media SA.

Wallace, T., Heath, J., & Koebbel, C. (2023). The impact of flash glucose monitoring on adults with type 1 diabetes’ eating habits and relationship with food. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 196, 110230.

Welis, W., Gusfiani, A., Komaini, A., & Effendi, R. (2024). The Interconnected Influence of Internal Factors on Physical Education, Sports, and Health Learning Outcomes. Journal for Lesson and Learning Studies, 7(3).

Zulrafli, Z., Fernando, R., & Candra, O. (2024). Effectiveness of Fitness and Nutritional Status on Learning Outcomes in Students. Journal Of Sport Education (JOPE), 6(1), 86-97.

Zurc, J. (2024). Changed lifestyles during the COVID-19 pandemic: the need for health education in the curriculum of pedagogical students. Cogent Education, 11(1), 2309735.